Study Questions on BA EST431 Literary theory Course - PSEng, JPEng, CEP

Following are the study questions on BA EST431 Literary theory  Course composed by II year PSEng students on 10 Mar 2011. Hats off to them. Special thanks to Susan, Fathima, Margaret for co-ordinating the workshop output. 

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What is Literature?

1. What is literature according to Terry Eagleton?

2. What does Terry Eagleton say about the notion of literature being defined as-

i. imaginative writing (fact vs fiction)

ii. uses language in peculiar ways.

iii. depending on content.

iv. self referential language.

v. "fine writing"

3. Why does Jacobson speak of literature as "organized violence committed on ordinary speech"?

4. Explain the Formalists view of literature.

5. In your opinion, should there be a fixed definition for what constitutes literature? If so, what?

6. What is your personal understanding of literature and its influence on you?

What is Literary Theory?

1. What is "literary theory" according to Klages?

2. How can any kind of writing qualify as "literature"? How do you judge them as "valuable"?

3. How can we distinguish "literature" from other kinds of texts?

4. What is "close reading"?

5. Why is "literary theory" considered a necessary and valuable part of a literary education?

6. What is "literature"?

7. How do we use "literary theory" in our daily life?

8. What is the "product" of studying "literature"?

9. "What we call 'literary theory' really ought to be named something like 'world theory'..." Do you agree with the statement? Explain.

Plato and Aristotle

1. Compare and contrast Plato and Aristotle's views on Art.

2. Differentiate between Plato and Aristotle's ideas on Form.

3. What are your view on "Reason" as a process of logical deduction? Keep in mind the Platonic and Aristotelian perspectives.

4. Censorship of media content is critical in maintaining order in society. Do you agree or disagree? Use the views of the thinkers in our syllabus to substantiate your stance.

Humanist Literary Theory

1. "Poetry is a useful teaching tool". Explain according to Horace's views.

2. After reading from Horace to Mathew Arnold, do you view poetry as pleasurable reading or a teaching tool? If you disagree with both, specify why.

3. Talk about poetry in respect to subjectivities keeping in mind the views of Edmund Burke.

4. When Joseph Addison views poetry as pleasure, what insight does it give us? What's your take on it?

5. What is the negative capability according to John Keats and why is it important for art?

6. How do the views from Horace to Mathew Arnold reflect the Humanist approach?

Structuralism

1. How does Levi Strauss build on Saussure's theory of language?

2. Explain the study of Myth according to Claude Levi Strauss.

3. Explain the theory of Signification.

4. Explain the study of Myth with regard to Oedipus Complex by Levi Strauss.

5. Explain the ideas of "Langue" and "Parole".

Deconstruction

1. How does deconstruction problematize structuralism?

2. Illustrate the role of the centre in holding the structure together in deconstruction.

3. Explain "Bricolage" with an example.

4. What does Derrida uncover in Levi Strauss' problems "the elementary structure of Kinship"?

5. What is Derrida's critique of primacy speech over writing in his deconstruction theory?

Psychoanalysis

1. Trace the Psychosexual development of humans by Sigmund Freud.

2. How is psychoanalysis useful to the study of literary criticism?

3. Why does Freud consider that women are not suitable to be the rulers and shapers of civilization?

4. Discuss the three stages of Polymorphous perversity according to Lacan.

5. Why does Lacan consider boys to be closer to the Phallus than girls?

6. Differentiate between Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis.

7. What is the difference in the stages of polymorphous perversity as dealt with by Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis?

Feminism

1. What is the difference between the pre-post structuralist and post structuralist feminism?

2. Explain the concept of "l'ecriture feminism".

3. What is Feminism according to Helene Cixous and the concept of Medusa?

4. Explain the post structuralist view of feminism.

5. Briefly portray the background of feminist ideology.

6. Explain Feminism in relation to Literature.

7. What is "Jouissance"? What is the importance of the concept in feminist ideology?

8. Explain the concept of "sexuality" in feminism.

9. How does Luce Irrigaray substantiate her take on "this sex which is not one"?

Queer Theory

1. What are the contributions of feminist theory of the formation or basis of the queer theory?

2. Explain the two basic approaches to the understanding and categorizing of human sexuality.

3. Do you think Queer theory (as mentioned in the syllabus) is relevant in the context of the Indian social structure?

4. How does Freudian Sexuality look at the operation of homosexuality and gender?

5. Does Judith Butler advocate the destruction or change of the traditional family structure? If so, how?

6. Explain homosexuality in terms of the oedipus complex. Explain Judith Butler's view on the same.

7. Explain why women should not be looked at as ontological entities according to Butler.

Ideology and Discourse

1. How do ideologies work? Do ideologies construct subjects?

2. Explain how Althusser, Bakhtin and Faucault's perception of ideology functions.

3. Explain Marxism and the Marxist theory in the light of literature.

4. According to Faucault, how does discourse create relationships of power and knowledge?

5. Explain Bakhtin's concept of Luteroglossia.

Race and Postcolonialism

1. Briefly outline the theories of post-colonialism and Orientalism.

2. Comment on the views given by Henry Louis Gates Jr. on "The signifying Monkey".

3. Compare and contrast the ideas of Gloria Anazaldua and Homi Bhaba.

4. What are your views on race and post-colonialism?

5. What according to Bhaba is the idea of a nation?

6. Explain Homi Bhaba's idea of Hybridity. In this context, what are your views on identity formation?

7. Explain Henry Gate's analysis of "Signifying" and "Signified".

8. Define Post Colonialism and explain its theory.

9. How does Race function as a signifying system? Explain in the Indian context.

10. Explain the West's projection of otherness on to the orient through the analysis of a relevant movie (other than Karate Kid which is used in the text)

11. What is Gloria Anzaldua's analysis of "the border"? And what is her theory on the multiplicity of language and identity formation?

12. How have structuralist theories influenced the theory of Post Colonialism?

Post Modernism

1. Define modernism and name the prominent authors associated with this movement.

2. What are the main characteristics of modernism?

3. How is post modernism similar to modernism and how do they differ?

4. What are Frederic Jameson's views on modernism and post modernism?

5. Differentiate between modernism and modernity.

6. What are the basic ideas of Enlightenment?

7. What are Jean-francois Lyotard's views on post- modernism.

8. Explain in brief Jean Baudrillard's views as a post-modernist.

9. Who are the authors of "Anti-Oedipus"? What are their contributions and views? What is a Rhizome?

Psychoanalysis

Notes by Yolmo Urgen

Sigmund Freud

· Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. He wrote about psychoanalysis sometime during the 20^th century.

· It was the time when practical thinking and reasoning had come into being.

· Germany in the 18^th and the 19^th century was dominated by German philosophies and had a Nazi rule thus it was not possible for Freud to write freely on his theories. Thus due to this plight he went to England and started writing and expressing his views on psychoanalysis.

· Later there were many philosophers like Lacan Derrida who followed Freud footsteps and wrote on psychoanalysis and also tried to complete it.

· Freud eventually completed his work, publishing many books which were on psychoanalysis:

1. Civilization and its Discontents: In this book he writes about two prime principles which dominate human civilization. A) The pleasure principle and B) The reality principle. The pleasure principle is the principle which states that human beings only want pleasure in life and this is naturally seen in them( For Freud the only model of pleasure is sexual pleasure). But then he talks about the reality principle due to which the pleasure principle is sacrificed. This process is called sublimation. Due to this all the desires and the pleasure repressed, cannot be expressed. Freud thus talks about the unconscious mind which according to him is the space which is created in the mind to repress unexpressed desires.

2. The Interpretation of Dreams: In this book he further goes on to talk about the unconscious saying that we have no access to our unconscious mind and the only access to the unconscious is through our dreams. Dreams according to Freud do two things to the repressed desires: either condense (metaphor) or displace(metonymy). Condensation is just the constant vision of one image(for example, a snake representing a penis) and displacement is just a part of one image(for example, desire to be a king but only a part of the royalty seen, say the crown)

3. Psychopathology of everyday life: In this book Freud talks about parapaxes, which means “slip of tongue”. He says that our repressed desires are also expressed sometimes when we talk through slip of tongues.

4. The Jokes and their relations to the Unconscious: Here again he writes about the repressed desires coming out through the day to day jokes that we make. He says that jokes are a way of showing a glimpse of people’s repressed desires.

5. Three essays on the theory of sexuality: In this book he again talks about the content of the unconscious being only the sexual desires. Here he talks about the erotogenic zones: the oral, the anal and the phallic, which are the various stages of development of the unconscious. In the oral stage the child gets pleasure from his mouth: in the anal stage it learns toilet culture and also learns about the concept of inside and outside: in the phallic stage it realizes that it can take pleasure from its genital organ. The child then becomes polymorphously perverse, a term Freud uses to describe a being hose sexual or libidinal drives are relatively unorganized and are directed at any and every object that might provide sexual pleasure. He then goes on to talk about how incestuous the child becomes as it starts developing an attraction towards its mother if its a male child or towards its father if its a female child. Thais is where he talks about the Oedipus Complex. The polymorphously perverse phase of the child ends here and forces the child into the latency phase.

Freud says that the ‘I’ does not exist and that it is split between ego and the id.

Jacques Lacan

· For Lacan the ego can never take the place of the unconscious, of empty it out, because according to him the ego or ‘í’ self is only an illusion, a product of unconscious itself. Thus Lacan talks about the formation of the ‘i’ self.

· Lacan, in order to explain the similar trajectory from an infant to an adult like Freud, talks about three concepts- need, demand and desire- that roughly correspond to three phases of development – the Real, the Imaginary and the Symbolic.

· The Real phase is when the child is only concerned about its needs and it has no demands. At this point the child does not know that it is in an independent state.

· Slowly it begins to understand that it has to start demanding when the mother leaves or goes away from it for sometime.

· It realizes that the nipple it sucks for food is not its and that the one standing in front of the mirror is itself. This is the point where it reaches the Imaginary phase where it starts learning language because it has demands.

· Here Lacan talks about the capital “Other” and the small “other”. The small other is when the child gets to know that the figure in front of the mirror is the” other” image of itself and the capital Other is the other which includes all the central institutions in the society which govern everything.

· Then the Symbolic phase starts where the child completely requires but has a desire to go back to the real stage which is not possible. Thus a centre is created.

· This centre is the phallus. Phallus for Lacan is not the penis. It can be any centre which the society creates to move away from the Symbolic state. Then all the legal understandings and norms and rules begin.

· All centre are the lack that people have. And all lacks are different.

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Post-symposium Workshop on Subjectivity - A Report

Department of English and Media Studies, Christ University organised a post-symposium workshop on Subjectivity on Sunday, 6 March 2011 from 9.00 am to 1.30 pm in the Conference Hall, III Floor, Block II, Christ University. Anup Dhar, Associate Professor, School of Human Studies, Ambedkar University, New Delhi was the Resource Person. The workshop was organised as a follow up of the National Symposium on Subjectivity held on February 9 and 10, 2011 at Christ University. The workshop was attended by the symposium participants, students and faculty of English and Media Studies, Law, and Psychology of Christ University, and students and staff of Mountfort College, Bangalore and members of the general public. 

The workshop elaborated on the keynote address of the symposium and addressed the various questions and concerns that emerged in the two-day symposium. 

Anup reflected on the symposium and mentioned that the symposium took a strong social science turn and did not take the philosophic questions on subjectivity on board. He then located the polemic positions that occurred in the symposium on subjectivity, one coming from science, where it was argued that there was no subjectivity issue, and that other defense of subjectivity from social science. Anup traced these positions within the structure of universities, which give rise to these polemic positions. He stressed the need to bridge this gap and tried to show through Derrida, as to how this gap was shown and bridged by Derrida in his work, especially through Derrida's critique of Heidegger. He took another route to demonstrate how it is important to bridge the two polemic positions by invoking neurobiology. He concluded saying the two dominant positions - the objective relations to the world and the subjective relation to the world - displayed twoness of human engagement with the world. 

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Free articles from The Southern Journal of Philosophy

Free articles from The Southern Journal of Philosophy

FEMINIST THEORY

Notes by Jyotsna Subramaniam.

(NOTE: everything here is just a summary of notes and ideas pertaining to the chapter on feminist theory. I repeat, Summary. )

A (slightly subjective) introduction:

Anybody who’s somebody in the world of literature cannot claim a position of importance without having read Freud. And of course, anybody who has indeed read Freud will agree when I say he ...well, has certain rigid ideas about the functioning of the minds of bodies of women.

Let’s start from the very beginning. Derrida’s ideas about the ‘’phallogocentric’’ culture or systems are centred around binary opposites in which the right side is always preferred over the left, such as:

mind/body

active/passive

rational/irrational

culture/nature

public/private

reason/emotion

subject/object

self/other

and,

men/women.

The last binary opposite obviously links these concepts to a primary metaphor of one being more powerful than the other, and effectively superior to the other. And Freud is just one person who used this to come up with ideas about how every heterosexual (let’s get to this bit a little later) , adult woman is neurotic. NEUROTIC.

Why?

Because according to Freud, girls have to make two major changes in their lives following the impact of the Oedipal period:

1. They must refrain from desiring their mothers ( men aren’t an exception to this one)

2. They must refrain from desiring women in general and must now shift all their sexual energy on the opposite sex.

This apparently, is too much for women to take, thus making any heterosexual adult woman a perfect client for any psychiatrist. This particular theory is not only offensive to women, but also undermines and attributes a certain derogatory value to homosexuals. Queer theory of course, takes off from here. But let’s take a look at feminist theory now, in particular Helene Cixous, and Luce Irigaray, and the inevitable thrashing they give Freudian theories, giving rise to a new domain in literary theory.

Before we examine these theorists however, it is important to understand a few things about feminist theory in general:

There is a major shift from looking at the prescribed status that gender gives women, to the understanding of women’s experiences and sexuality itself, whether in isolation or as expressed in literature. This has been the focal point of post structuralist feminist theory at large and to a certain extent, pre-post structuralist feminist theory.

Pre-post structuralist feminist theory: ( also referred to as the Anglo-American feminist approach)

-basic argument: Why has western literary tradition had difficulty in joining the words ‘’woman’’ and ‘’writer’’ together? Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar ask if the pen then, is a metaphorical equivalent of a penis.

-the predominance of this metaphor lies in the fact that women produce babies, who are of course mortal, while men produce great literary or artistic works that have an inherent immortal quality in them. This idea could be a possible response to the anxiety that men face in determining if a woman is carrying his child or someone else’s.

-therefore, Gilbert and Gubar ask with what part of the female anatomy women are supposed to produce immortal works of art and literature.

Post structuralist feminist theory:

- takes off from Lacanian ideology that in the symbolic order, the position of women is founded on ‘lack’, so women can’t misidentify with the phallus as the centre of the symbolic order.

- Therefore, since women are pushed to the margins of the symbolic order or centre, they are not strictly governed by the rules of the system and are free to do as they like. This freedom to escape the rules of the centre in a system is called ‘’jouissance.’’ In post structuralist terms, this refers to a pleasure that is beyond language / that cannot be expressed in language and effectively, something that becomes disruptive to the structure.

HELENE CIXOUS (http://bilgi.academia.edu/SaideElifOzkorkmaz/Papers/126289/The_Laugh_of_the_Medusa)

- Takes off from Freud and Lacan’s theories about women being neurotic( mentioned at the beginning )

- Woman must write woman. This means that women but both, write themselves about their own experiences and connect the signifier ‘woman’ to ‘I’ in a new way within the symbolic order.

- Argues against presupposing the superiority of either men or women over the other group, as this leads to suppression as well, thus effectively criticising structures that enforce gender dichotomies as being too oppressive, towards both men and women.

- Argues that women write and speak only from a masculine position , thus there has actually been no feminine writing. She introduces the concept of l’ecriture feminine, to refer to a notion of feminine writing that she sees as only being possible in poetry and that cannot be defined.

- A new sense of bisexuality is also advocated by Cixous, which she refers to as the non exclusion of either sex, which would become a deconstructing force to erase slashes in all binary opposites.

- The myth of Medusa , according to Cixous, can be analyzed as one that scares men into upholding the phallogocentric order.

(http://www.bethspencer.com/BethSpencer-chapter2.pdf)

- Demater-paternalization of the family system: Cixous sees the traditional family as a social unit that generating the ideas of castration and lack forming the feminine identity as created by Freud and Lacan. She thus wants to break up traditional systems so that the phallogocentric system won’t be recreated every time a child is born.

LUCE IRIGARAY

(http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DOOjzN-u-zUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=this+sex+which+is+not+one&ots=i04DNG3gre&sig=Ijinn6JPH7jEosjACK5vzUPzWDs#v=onepage&q&f=false )

-Irigaray points out that female sexuality has always been defined in male terms, as well as always being described as passive, or lacking, and that males fill in the absences that females inherently experience.

- a central flaw in western ideology, she argues, is that nobody knows exactly how to talk about female sexuality as we are all constantly trying to find the one female sexual organ that corresponds to its male counterpart.

-commenting on Freud’s ideas on how women’s identities are based on lack, she argues that female anatomy is created in such a way that it can fulfil its lack by itself, that is, without the help of man. From this, she sees heterosexual intercourse as a violation of female sexuality, and calls it ‘rape’, and a tool of patriarchy. Consequently, she says that female desire can only truly be expressed in female terms, and advocates lesbianism.

Post-symposium Workshop on Subjectivity

Department of English and Media Studies, Christ University is organising a post-symposium workshop on Subjectivity on Sunday, 6 March 2011 from 9 am to 1 pm in the Conference Hall, III Floor, Block II, Christ University. Anup Dhar, Associate Professor, School of Human Studies, Ambedkar University, New Delhi is the Resource Person.

The workshop will elaborate on the keynote address of the symposium and address the various questions and concerns that emerged in the two-day symposium. 

Those who attended the National Symposium on Thinking Subjectivities on February 9 and 10, 2011 and those who are interested in the domain of subjectivity are welcome. 

Please feel free to forward this information to those who might be interested in the workshop.

IX THEORY/PRAXIS COURSE

IX THEORY/PRAXIS COURSE

Reflections on Sudipta Kaviraj’s ‘Marxism in Translation’ « Kafila

Reflections on Sudipta Kaviraj’s ‘Marxism in Translation’ « Kafila

UGC sponsored National Seminar on “Vision and Performance: Commonwealth plays in English”

UGC Sponsored National Seminar on 

"Vision and Performance: Commonwealth plays in English"

28 & 29 July  2011

Contact:

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Email:rgbaskaran AT gmail.com

Mobile: 09842964661

    

Conference on Cultural Transformations: Development Initiatives and Social Movements

Cultural Transformations: Development Initiatives and Social Movements

The bi-annual conference of the Inter Asia Cultural Studies Society (IACSS) will be held in Dhaka on 17^th and 18^th December, 2011. This year’s conference will bring in South Asia more centrally within IACSS and also makes efforts to draw in scholars from West Asia. 

Envisioning a new picture of Asia – an other Asia – this conference invites paper and panel proposals on issues such as

• Social movements and struggles
• Development initiatives and cultural change
• Asian feminisms and social change
• The Post-colonial, the national and the pan-Asian in the formation of new cultural identities
• Changes and developments in popular cultural practices, including music, dance, film and popular literature
• Other topics in Inter-Asia Cultural Studies are also welcome

Panels should comprise of 3-5 papers. Proposals for papers and panels will be submitted by the 31^st of May 2011. Acceptance of panels will be announced by the 20^th of June 2011.

The conference is being hosted by BRAC University in Dhaka, Bangladesh and is organized by the Department of English and Humanities and BRAC Development Institute.

More information will be available on http://www.bracu.ac.bd/event/culturaltransformations  as we plan further.

Mediations Journal

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• Editors' Note
• Fredric Jameson: A New Reading of [Capital]
• Anna Kornbluh: On Marx's Victorian Novel
• Roland Boer: Marxism and Eschatology Reconsidered
• Reiichi Miura: What Kind of Revolution Do You Want? | Punk, the Contemporary Left, and Singularity
• Alexei Penzin: The Soviets of the Multitude: On Collectivity and Collective Work: | An Interview with Paolo Virno
• Nataša Kovačević: New Money in the Old World: | On Europe's Neoliberal Disenchantment
• Kevin Floyd: Queer Principles of Hope
• Madeleine Monson-Rosen: Under a Pink Flag

Editors' Note Posted: 24 Feb 2011 12:36 PM PST

Fredric Jameson: A New Reading of [Capital] Posted: 24 Feb 2011 02:19 PM PST Is Capital about labor, or unemployment? Does Marxism have a theory of the political, or is it better off without one? Fredric Jameson previews the argument of his forthcoming book, Representing Capital.

Anna Kornbluh: On Marx's Victorian Novel Posted: 24 Feb 2011 02:17 PM PST As out of place as Marx himself might have been in Victorian England, Capital is less out of place than one might have thought among Victorian novels. But this does not have to mean that its mode of truth is literary. Anna Kornbluh explores the tropes that propel Capital in order to establish the novel relationship Marx produces between world and text.

Roland Boer: Marxism and Eschatology Reconsidered Posted: 24 Feb 2011 02:11 PM PST The variations on the thesis of Marxism's messianism are too many to count. But is it plausible to imagine that Marx or Engels took up Jewish or Christian eschatology, in any substantial form, into their thought? Roland Boer weighs the evidence.

Reiichi Miura: What Kind of Revolution Do You Want? | Punk, the Contemporary Left, and Singularity Posted: 24 Feb 2011 02:08 PM PST What does punk have to do with Empire? What does singularity have to do with identity? What does the logic of rock 'n' roll aesthetics have to do with a politics of representation? What does the concept of the multitude have to do with neoliberalism? The answer to all these questions, argues Reiichi Miura, is a lot more than you might think.

Alexei Penzin: The Soviets of the Multitude: On Collectivity and Collective Work: | An Interview with Paolo Virno Posted: 24 Feb 2011 01:06 PM PST One of the principle conundrums that confronts the theorization of the multitude is the relationship it entails between individual and collective. Alexei Penzin, of the collective Chto Delat / What Is To Be Done?, interviews Paolo Virno.

Nataša Kovačević: New Money in the Old World: | On Europe's Neoliberal Disenchantment Posted: 24 Feb 2011 02:25 PM PST What is left of the promise that was Europe? Does anything Utopian remain of the European project, or is it destined to become just another neoliberal power? Nataša Kovačević reviews Perry Anderson's The New Old World.

Kevin Floyd: Queer Principles of Hope Posted: 24 Feb 2011 01:02 PM PST In the "marketplace of ideas," Marxism and queer studies are often presumed to be divergent and even opposed discourses. Contemporary work in both fields makes the case for a convergence. Kevin Floyd reviews José Esteban Muñoz's Cruising Utoptia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity.

Madeleine Monson-Rosen: Under a Pink Flag Posted: 24 Feb 2011 01:05 PM PST Is there a feminine relation to copyright in the contemporary period? Madeleine Monson-Rosen reviews Caren Irr's Pink Pirates: Contemporary Women Writers and Copyright.

For fresh journalism graduates- Foreign Correspondent's programme in Finland, Aug 2011

Are you interested in the work of a correspondent in a foreign country? Would you like to spend the month of August in Finland learning more about the country, its society and the Finnish way of life?*

 If you are a newly graduated journalist or a student of journalism/communications due to graduate soon, you may be eligible to apply for a scholarship to take part in the Foreign Correspondents’ Programme (FCP) in Finland in August 2011. 

 The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland now welcomes applications from citizens or residents of the following countries: Armenia, Brazil, China, Denmark, Egypt, France, India, Japan, Germany, Poland, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. 

 The programme provides an excellent opportunity for you to learn more about Finland, Finnish society and the Finnish way of life. It also offers you the means to enhance your professional skills, as well as expand your network of professional colleagues and international friends. Programme 

 The programme starts on August 1st and ends on August 26th, 2011. It includes briefings on Finland today; meetings with professionals, politicians and people; and visits to business enterprises, cultural sites and institutions. It includes a weekend as a guest of a Finnish family, as well as trips to different parts of Finland. During the programme you will have an opportunity to cover additional aspects of Finland in which you have a particular interest. You will also have access to working facilities with PCs, internet, telephone, printers and copiers at the International Press Centre. *What does it cover?* * *

The scholarship covers the costs of travel to and from Finland, local travel in Helsinki, accommodation in a single room in a student residence and the daily programme including meals, events, transportation and lodging. The programme does not cover medical insurance or per diem allowance. Requirements 

 Applicants should possess a good command of written and spoken English, be from 20 to 25 years of age and have the ability to adapt to a multinational group of people. The application documents should be sent by email only to the Embassy of Finland. The application documents should include: 1. Application form 2. A curriculum vitae using the CV template 3. An essay which emphasises the applicant's particular interest in Finland (600-800 words). Note! Be sure to include a photograph in the CV. Please include in your application copies of published articles, transcripts and other documents that may be helpful in the selection process. 

 The closing date for applications is March 31st, 2011. *Contact information *Ms Sara Haapalainen or Ms Marjaana Sall Address: Embassy of Finland, 628 Leyds Street, Muckleneuk, Pretoria 0002 Telephone: +27-12-343 0275 E-mail: sanomat.pre AT formin.fi

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